Living With Bipolar Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 2313 Words

Living with Bipolar Disorder Smith, J. Segal, and R. Segal (2010) shared that bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that cause shifts in a person’s mood, activities levels, and energy. The symptoms of this mental illness are severe to those affected by it. Some may experience unusually severe high and low patterns in their mood; others may feel suicidal and isolated from the world as well (Smith, J. Segal, R. Segal 2010). The Treatment Advocacy Center website (2011) noted that approximately 5.5 million Americans age 18 or older, or 2.6 percent of the adult population are affected by bipolar disorder, and that suicide is the number one cause of premature death among people with bipolar disorder.†¦show more content†¦The recurring manic and depressive episodes that characterize the disease make it difficult to lead a stable, productive life. In the manic phase, one may be hyperactive and irresponsible. In the depressive phase, it may be difficult to do anything at all. Early diagnosis and treatment can help an individual avoid these problems. The extreme highs and lows of mania and depression can hurt a person’s job and school performance, damage to their relationships, and disrupt one’s daily life. However, those affected by this disorder are not powerless when it comes to bipolar disorder There are various symptoms associated with bipolar disorder. These symptoms vary depending on if it is a manic or depressive episode. The WebMD website list the following as symptoms for manic and depressive episodes: Manic episodes include reckless behaviors (such as lavish spending sprees, impulsive sexual indiscretions, abuse of alcohol or drugs), needing less sleep in order to feel rested, talking very rapidly or excessively, and distractibility are a few to note. In contrast, the signs of a depressive episode include loss of energy, feelings of guilt, hopelessness, or worthlessness, and contemplating or attempting suicide (Bipolar Disorder Symptoms and Types - WebMD). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM) states that one of the most common features is the decreased need for sleep, and this is different from insomnia. The difference is that an

Apples Beethoven - 2157 Words

New Era University COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 9 Central Avenue, Quezon City, 1015 Philippines A CASE STUDY PROJECT IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN ORGANIZATION Apple’s Beethoven Presented to the Faculty of College of Business Administration and to PROFESSOR Mevelin D. Cabotage, MBA Professorial Lecturer In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MAJOR IN HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT Villarama Jhoenathan I. 17 March 2013 Introduction Apple computer was about to be considered obsolete and go the way of so many other companies before it if did not adapt to the new age like Polaroid missing the start of the†¦show more content†¦Steve exhibited extremely good creative-thinking skills. He had the rare gift of knowing what the general public wanted, even before they realized they wanted it. He was also quite ruthless when it came to adopting other technology (some would prefer to call it stealing). While many other companies are known for doing the same types of practices, Apple seems to be one of the most obvious examples. Steve Jobs was never shy about his adoption of other technology. His basic copying of Xerox s PARC technology was even explained in a candid interview as him taking their technology, improving it a bit and selling it to more people. He seemed to be able to take good ideas, modify them a bit, and sell them to a much larger audience. His marketing abilities were probably his best skill. The logo itself has become an icon and a symbol that means much more than a mere computer. Apple, with its core (no pun intended) fans have developed a relationship that mirrors very few other organizations. Like Harley Davidson is to motorcycles, Apple is to digital devices. His task motivation was the sleek, modern, streamlined look of both hardware and software. The devices they made were easy to use for newcomers and owning an Apple product became a status symbol based on more than just a premium price. Personalities Involved Steve Jobs - Creator and President of Apple Inc. Steve Wozniak - Jobs partner and main computer builder and programmer of the early Apple I andShow MoreRelatedApples Beethoven3542 Words   |  15 Pagesthe existing ones must be as smooth as possible. Apple up to 2011 Apple’s Steve Jobs credits the company’s success to the maintenance of its core values, innovation, and focus on the needs of the consumer.   Over the years, competitors have learned from Apple’s innovative trends and are slowly building upon their strategy.   By 2005, Apple sold â€Å"more than 10 million iPods and 250 million songs† (Apple s Beethoven, 2005). By February of 2005, stock prices hit a record high of nearly $80 perRead MoreComputers And Music ( Noah Martin, Old Dominion University1519 Words   |  7 PagesPropellerhead’s Recycle for loop editing, and Codamusic’s Finale for music notation. Apple computers now come loaded with GarageBand, which allows users to create their own songs using loops, MIDI, and live audio. Tweak (2006) explained the importance of Apple’s inclusion of the software: Up till now, freebie active entertainment on a computer has been playing games, writing letters and books, drawing pictures, online chat and maybe making a photo album. Apple has upped the ante. You can now create your ownRead MoreComputers And Music : Computers1612 Words   |  7 PagesPropellerhead’s Recycle for loop editing, and Codamusic’s Finale for music notation. Apple computers now come loaded with GarageBand, which allows users to create their own songs using loops, MIDI, and live audio. Tweak (2006) explained the importance of Apple’s inclusion of the software: Up till now, freebie active entertainment on a computer has been playing games, writing letters and books, drawing pictures, online chat and maybe making a photo album. Apple has upped the ante. You can now create your own

Natural History of Emphysema

Question: Discuss about the Natural History of Emphysema. Answer: Introduction The Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the commonest respiratory disorder caused by two distinct pathological entities i.e. emphysema and chronic bronchitis. These two entities mostly occur together in varying proportion in the same patient. Emphysema is an obstructive lung disease leading to obstruction in the airways due to loss of elastic recoil properties of the lungs. It is a progressive disease with over-inflation of alveoli (alveoli are the air sacs within the lungs) leading to the destruction of air passages. In response to alveolar tissue loss, there occurs premature closure of airways on expiration causing shortness of breath. Epidemiology Factors causing Initiation and progression of the disease are unclear. Male sex, smoking, age, and anthracosis grade are the noticeable factors affecting the development of emphysema. The Process of destruction usually takes 20 years to manifest clinically(Polkey,2009). Pathology The lungs are found in chest cavity on either side i.e. right and left side. The lungs are divided into lobes: right lung has three lobes i.e. lower, middle and upper lobe whereas left lung has two lobes i.e. upper and lower. (Nene,2011) Air enters the lungs via trachea (windpipe). Emphysema develops in response to inhaled irritants as a chronic inflammatory reaction. This inflammatory state is summed up by severe bacterial infection. Macrophages, eosinophils, granulocytes and neutrophils are the inflammatory cells transporting the antigen to BALT (bronchial associated lymphatic tissue layer) leading to epithelium damage of the lung. Tc1 lymphocytes are involved in persons who smoke. Lung damage is brought about by oxidative stress (due to the presence of free radicals in cigarette smokers) and connective tissue breakdown in the lungs. This connective tissue breakdown in the lungs leads to emphysema. Inflammation and scarring occur within the lungs which further narrows the airways. This narrowing contributes to entrapment of air into the alveolar sac leading to shortness of breath. Exhalation becomes more difficult as the pressure in chest becomes more due to entrapped air leading to hyperinflation(Theorotical analysis,2003). The airway repair process further exacerbates the anatomical derangements by neovascularisation and abnormal fibroblastic development. It leads to bronchial edema (by mucus hyperplasia), hypertrophy of smooth muscles and fibrosis resulting in further narrowing of smaller airways. Clinical presentation Non-audible, quiet breath sounds due to increased thoracic volume Use of accessory muscles of respiration On inspiration, supraclavicular fossae and intercostals spaces are drawn in. On inspiration, exaggerated jugular venous emptying On expiration, jugular venous distend A-P diameter of chest increases affecting chest expansion Right ventricular hypertrophy develops Symptoms Patients presents with wheezy breathlessness without or with a productive cough. Some complaints of more sputum production in the early morning. With the presence of infection, sputum becomes more copious and purulent. Breathlessness is more commonly seen while climbing stairs or inclined walking. According to carbon dioxide retention and under-ventilation, patients can be classified into two main groups:- Blue-bloater: these patients are obese with the production of copious infected sputum accompanied by breathlessness and wheezing. Hypoxemia and hypercapnia are seen during acute attacks. Blue bloaters show severe airflow obstruction with normal lung capacities but increased residual volume. Pink-puffers: these patients are thin with no sputum production and are severely breathless at rest. Severe airway obstruction can be seen with increased lung capacity. Their sensitivity remains normal to carbon dioxide saturation. Affects of emphysema on the surrounding structures Emphysema affects the surrounding structures to a greater extent. All lung volumes will be reduced esp. FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second), PEFR (peak expiratory flow rate), and FVC (forced vital capacity). In chronic conditions, FEV1 and PEFR are reduced to markable level. Emphysema affects the anatomical structures of lungs in an irreversible manner. The acute effect of emphysema is patient's difficulty in breathing. Patients may have effortful breathing after exercise, in hot weather, and in stressful situations. Fatigue is a more common effect, caused by a decrease in oxygen supply to the body. As the disease progress, Patients develop anxiety and weight loss. Oedema (fluid collects in the extremities) in emphysematic patients also affects the body. Investigation Sputum culture is done to rule out the invading organism (H.influenzae and S. Pneumomiae) During infection, Blood count shows polymorphonuclear leucocytosis. Chest X-Ray showed reduced vascular markings and increased radiolucency of lung fields. Common interventions The main objective of treatment is to relieve airway obstruction. For Infections: Infecting organisms are usually H.influenzae or S.pneumoniae. therefore, suitable oral antibiotic regimes (co-trimoxazole, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Oxytetracycline etc.) Are advised for 5-7 days.(Goyal,2008) For Breathlessness: Bronchodilator therapy is very effective. They are administered as aerosols such as terbutalin, salbutamol, or rimiterol. Systemic corticosteroids can also be given in patients with severe airway obstruction. For hypoxia Oxygen therapy is given to avoid danger of carbon dioxide retention Long run management include: Patients must be advised to stop smoking.(Bednarak,2009) Obese patients are advised to lose weight as this may improve exercise tolerance. Physiotherapy: Physiotherapy focuses on three main problems in emphysema patients i.e. breathlessness, decreased exercise tolerance and increased secretions. Chest clearance programs are very effective with postural drainage. Breathing exercises (diaphragmatic breathing exercises) are for controlling breath during attacks of dyspnoea. (Kant,2006).Pulmonary rehabilitation is done in each patient to improve and prevent the disease. Common Complication Heart failure Pneumonia Lung infections Pneumothorax cor pulmonale i.e. right ventricular failure and pulmonary hypertension. Bullae may develop large enough to compress surrounding lung area.(Meyers,2009) Prognosis Progression and severity of emphysema predict the prognosis of the disease. Emphysema staging help determines the life expectancy of the patient.(Jama,2005) According to GOLD emphysema staging: Stage I. Mild emphysema- FEV1 80% of normal StageII. Moderate emphysema- FEV1 50% of normal Stage III. Severe emphysema- FEV1 30% of normal Stage IV. Very severe- FEV1 30% of normal Higher the patient emphysema staging, lower their life expectancy. Conclusion This report concludes that emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease causing irreversible damage to lung tissue. Smoking is the major causative factor in its onset. Severity and progression of the disease determine the life expectancy of the person suffering from emphysema. New studies are still going on for the early diagnosis and treatment of emphysema. References Bednarek, M., Gorecka, D., Wielgomas, J., Czajkowska-Malinowska, M., Regula, J., Mieszko-Filipczyk, G., Jasionowicz, M., Bijata-Bronisz, R., Lempicka-Jastrzebska, M., Czajkowski, M., Przybylski, G. and Zielinski, J. (2006). Smokers with airway obstruction are more likely to quit smoking. Respiratory Medicine: COPD Update, 2(3), pp.104-105. Kant, S. and Singh, G. (2006). Breathing exercises as adjuvant in the management of COPD : An overview. Lung India, 23(4), p.165. Kemp, S., Polkey, M. and Shah, P. (2009). The Epidemiology, Etiology, Clinical Features, and Natural History of Emphysema. Thoracic Surgery Clinics, 19(2), pp.149-158. Kumar, M., Goyal, A., Gupta, N. and Rautela, R. (2015). Subcutaneous emphysema: Unique presentation of a foreign body in the airway. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol, 31(3), p.404. Mechanical Events In Physiopathology Of Idiopathic Pulmonary Emphysema: A Theoretical Analysis. (2002). The Internet Journal of Pathology, 2(2). Prognosis. (2005). JAMA, 293(5), p.623. Veeramachaneni, N. and Meyers, B. (2007). Complications in Patients with Severe Emphysema. Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 19(4), pp.343-349. Nene, A. (2011). Lung lobes and fissures: a morphological study. Anatomy (International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy), 5, pp.30-38.

Organizational Theory Applied To The Retail Industry Essays

Organizational Theory Applied To The Retail Industry PART i Introduction Antonio's, as it will be referred to for confidentiality purposes from here on in, is a retail shoe store that operates in Fredericton, N.B.. It is part of an open system. This company originated in Montreal, Quebec. The head office is now located there and retail outlets are located throughout Canada, the United States and parts of Europe. The market in which this company operates may be considered a division of the fashion industry. This industry is known for being highly competitive and dynamic. Also for obvious reasons many companies within it concern themselves with company image. This particular shoe company has been in existence since the early 1990's. Antonio's has grown significantly and is currently a leader in the shoe industry, even on an internationally level. It produces quality shoes at a reasonable price. From its beginnings until now Antonio's has been operating in the formation stage. This company has met with great success, though, and has grown quickly. It now faces the task of moving into the growth stage. Antonio's must be careful in managing every aspect of its company now in order to survive. Since the industry in which Antonio's operates is very image oriented a key issue in moving from the formation to growth stage that must be discussed is company culture. In this situation ?managed? (as it is referred to in its most popular definition) means changed. In order to manage the company culture through the move from stage to stage in the life cycle of this organization the culture within the current stage, the formation stage, must be discussed. The culture, in my opinion, must be managed as it currently has a negative impact on the organizational effectiveness. The organizational effectiveness as a result of culture must analyzed in order to determine if in fact it does have a negative impact on the company, if so, it must be managed for the sake of the company's survival in the growth stage. PART ii Analysis of current company culture The current culture existing in Antonio's organization is effective according to most of the strict definition meanings. It is not particularly strong, this is because most organizations which are young or have constant turnover (Antonio's finds both of these things to be true for itself) are said to ?have weak culture because members will not have shared enough experiences to create common meanings.? Antonio's culture fits well in to the big picture of the organization as it is aligned with company strategy, environment and technology where company image is everything. This company's culture has both good external and good internal fit. It emphasizes individual initiative, risk taking, high integration, tolerance of conflict, and high horizontal communication. Employee input and opinion is taken seriously, Dress is of importance while in the store and approach and attitude towards customers is very important. These company policies fit well, given its competitive environment, resulting in good external fit. Good internal fit is evident when a company's culture is well matched with its technology. Antonio's would most likely use a mass production technology according to Woodward's contribution to technology theories in the study of Organization Theory. This type of technology is characterized by large-batch or mass ? production. The organization's culture fits well with it's technology as it encourages adaptability to its environment and most importantly its customers. From this we can conclude that Antonio's has a high degree of overall complexity, a high degree of formalization and a moderate degree of centralization. In this case and many others, though, formalization may be replaced, to a certain extent, by the company culture. A strong culture increases behavioral consistency. Predictability, orderliness and consistency are all promoted by the culture at Antonio's, formalization could do the same. As mentioned above though Antonio's is currently in the Formation stage and does not have the strong culture it desires, in some cases culture is pushed and may not be seen as a reasonable move on the part of the company by some employees. This culture promotes predictability, for example, by stressing the importance of the Antonio's ?image? as far as the way employee's should look when in the store and the approach they should take towards customers